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发信人: linuxrat (叫我老鼠错不了), 信区: Linux
标 题: 新手基本必杀技![FWD]
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Mon Jan 17 16:19:10 2000)
hehe, 新手经常不知道怎么找帮助. 看看这片文章吧.
老手么, 看看也未必不可. 很有启发的哦.. :)
URL:http://www.linuxnewbie.org/archinfo/WoW.html
=======Begin==========
WoW (Words of Wisdom)
(what to do when you don't know what to do)
By: Geoff Horton (ghorton)
Sooner or later, you'll need help getting something done in Linux.
Odds are, it will be sooner. Here's how I suggest you go about getting
help.
Disclaimers:
#1: On the off chance that something in here messes up your system, it
is not my fault. Protect yourself by not logging in as root unless you
absolutely have to.
#2: A lot of this file is my opinion. You may hear other ones. I think
mine are right (or I wouldn't put them in writing), but don't take
what I say here as the last word.
Legend
Words in Red like this are Linux commands, arguments, or other stuff
you'd type at a command prompt.
When I tell you to type a command, you may safely assume that there's
a "Hit <Enter>" at the end of it.
Starting
You don't know the right command to use. Or your sound card doesn't
work. Or your screen is the wrong size. Whatever it is, it isn't what
you want, and you're going crazy trying to fix it.
Words of Wisdom #1:
Stay calm. Unless you are under some sort of deadline, it's a good
idea to step away from your computer for a few minutes lets you do
something in frustration that you will later regret. (If you're under
a deadline, this might still be a good idea; at the very least, take a
few deep breaths.) You'll spend a lot more time re-installing Linux
after you've done something really stupid than you'd have spent taking
a break to calm down and think.
Words of Wisdom #2:
Look for the answer in the obvious place, if one exists. Obvious
places include printed material that came with your Linux distribution
or with the device you're trying to install. If you have an working
Internet connection and Web browser, try going to a manufacturer's Web
site and searching for Linux drivers or anything else that looks
useful.
A little-known fact: you can probably browse the Web even if you can't
get X-Windows working. Type lynx at the command prompt and you'll get
a character based Web browser. It ain't pretty, and it doesn't do
everything that the fancy graphics browsers will do, but you can
accomplish a lot with it. And you can pretend you're back in the early
days of the Web while you're at it!
Words of Wisdom #3:
Try the man pages. They cover not only commands but also file layouts.
If you want to know what options you have with the ls command, try ls.
If you want to know what's what in inetd.conf, try man inetd.conf.
It's entirely possible that the man page you need will be in
geek-speak instead of English, but try reading it anyhow. You'll be
better off (in the Linux world) if you become fluent in geek-speak,
and, if the man page has nothing much helpful, it still might say
(towards the end, usually) what other man pages might help.
If you don't know what command you want but suspect that one must
exist, try the apropos command, which tells you what man pages contain
a given keyword. For example, if you want to know about devices, you
can try apropos device. This isn't a perfect solution, because you may
get pages and pages of results.
If you got no results from apropos, either the keyword doesn't appear
on any man page, or your whatis database isn't built. To build it, log
in or su as root, type/usr/sbin/makewhatis and log back out of root as
soon as the command finishes!
Info is an alternative to man pages. Try typing info. I'm not sold on
info as a help system because it's built on top of emacs, which can be
confusing, but you may find it just the ticket.
Words of Wisdom #4:
Newbieized Help Files! They should be available where you found this
one. They aren't all-encompassing, but they may prove helpful if
there's one on the topic you need.
Words of Wisdom #5:
HOWTO files can be your friend. (They can also be incomprehensible.
Your mileage may vary.) They're available at many places on the Web.
They also ought to be on your file system in /usr/doc/HOWTO. Change to
that directory, type ls | more, and see if any of the titles look like
they'd help. If you find a likely looking prospect, you can view it in
your favorite text editor (or use cat | more to view it on your
console screen), and you can even print it if you've got your printer
working. (Hint: If you can connect to the Web in some other operating
system, you can find the HOWTO you want on the Web and print it from
that other operating system.)
Asking someone else
Words of Wisdom #6: Buy yourself a good Linux book.Linux for Dummies
will do wonders for getting started, and there are several good books
for more advanced users. (Personal recommendation: Books published by
O'Reilly are usually quite helpful, though they can be quite technical
too. I also keep a copy of IDG's Red Hat Linux Secrets by my computer
at all times.)
Check the bookshelf here at *LNO*
(URL: http://www.linuxnewbie.org/bookshelf/index.html )
Words of Wisdom #7:
If you bought a distribution that comes with tech support, give it a
shot. Not all tech support is created equal, so this may or may not
help.
Words of Wisdom #8:
Look around on the Web for answers. In particular, try linuxnewbie.org
(see WoW #9 before you post), linux.com, linux.org, and the Web site
associated with your distribution, if there is one. (Competing
distributions may have helpful Web sites, too. I know Red Hat
maintains some pretty good generic support files on their site.)
Words of Wisdom #9:
Ask in a newsgroup or bulletin board. I heartily recommend
www.linuxnewbie.org (a.k.a. LNO) for this. You're more likely to get
an answer than a lecture. But before you post your question...
1. Search for an answer. Somebody else may already have asked that
same question. LNO's bulletin boards have a search link.
Newsgroups can be searched at http://www.deja.com.
2. Define your question as specifically as possible. Don't just say,
"I can't get my sound card to work." Do say:
a. I am trying to get (fill in the blank) to work. If it's a
hardware question, mention brand, model number,
PCI/ISA/AGP/USB, and in general enough information that I
could walk into a store and be confident that I am walking
out with the same thing you've got. For X-Windows questions,
tell everything you know about your graphics card. If it's a
software problem, say what version you're using.
b. I am running Mandrake 6.0 (or whatever distribution you've
got).
c. I have tried x and y and z. That indicates that you have made
a good-faith effort to fix the problem on your own (probably
learning also makes it less likely that you'll get a bunch of
responses telling you to try what you've already tried
without success.
d. If you're getting error messages, pass them on verbatim along
with the command that caused them.
e. If you are running on a Mac, Sparc, or anything other than an
Intel-compatible, you need to say so. It might not matter,
but then again it might save you from trying something that
has no chance whatsoever of working.
3. You're asking people to help you out of the goodness of their
hearts. So be polite, and make it as easy as possible for someone
to understand the problem and help you out. In particular (my pet
peeve), a post that has reasonably accurate grammar and spelling
is a lot easier to follow. Even more important, use paragraphs to
break up a screenful of text. (If you and paragraphs don't get
along, try hitting the enter key twice after every third
sentence.)
Wanna add something to the WoW? sensei@linuxnewbie.org
-----------------------
Note added 1/03/2000
By: W. Cochran
Keep a trouble log at hand. That's ink on paper.
-When something goes wrong, write down the details. All of 'em. Right
away. Don't wait even a minute: panic obliterates short-term memory.
-Recording the problem forces you to be logical, gives you time for
deep-breathing exercises, & makes the first draft for an SOS.
-List everything that happened, & everything you try.
-Use the news writer's 5 Ws & H: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?
-Oh, you've found a fix? Write that down, too -- no matter how easy or
obvious it seems in your relief. Memory grows furtive.
=======End============
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| 以无法为有法 ， | 拳本无法，有法也空； | 我爱GNU/Linux, |
| 以无限为有限 | 一法不立，无法不容。| 因为我爱自由！ |
| | | |
| 截拳道宗师-李小龙 | 意拳宗师-王芗斋 | 土人 Linuxrat |
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